Detention and alternatives to detention in international protection and return procedures (2021)

The study identifies similarities, differences, practical challenges, and best practices in the use of detention and alternatives to detention in the Member States within the framework of both international protection and return procedures. Categories of third-country nationals considered include: international protection applicants and third-country nationals who have been issued a return decision. The study pays special attention to the use of detention and alternatives to detention in relation to vulnerable persons such as minors, families with children, pregnant women, and people with special needs.