The European Migration Network (EMN) has released a new study titled “Family reunification of third-country nationals in the EU: state of play of law and practice.” Family reunification has long been one of the most significant legal pathways to the EU, representing 26% of all first residence permits issued in 2023. It remains essential in safeguarding the right to family life and promoting successful integration of third-country nationals.
The report reviews the implementation of EU rules based on Council Directive 2003/86/EC and how they have evolved through legislative reforms, case law from the Court of Justice of the EU and the European Court of Human Rights, and the ongoing digitalisation of migration procedures in Member States.
All 24 EMN Member Countries and Serbia allow legally residing third-country nationals and refugees to act as sponsors for their family members. While spouses and children under 18 are eligible across all countries, the scope for extended family, such as adult children, parents, and partners, depends on national rules and specific condition.
To exercise the right to reunification, most countries require proof of adequate housing, health insurance, and stable financial resources. Flexibility can apply for refugees, unaccompanied minors, skilled workers, or elderly dependants. Some countries additionally require participation in language or civic integration measures.
Application procedures differ across countries, with submissions made either by sponsors or family members, abroad or in the host country, as well as online. Challenges remain, including administrative delays, high costs, and barriers to obtaining required documents. In response, Member States are adopting good practices such as digital tools, priority channels for vulnerable applicants, and enhanced cooperation between authorities.
After arrival, family members generally gain similar access as sponsors to education, healthcare, and employment. Many countries provide targeted support, especially for beneficiaries of international protection. Most family members may obtain autonomous residence within five years, with accelerated access in specific circumstances. The study notes that while rules have become more formalised over time, differences in eligibility conditions, procedures, and processing times continue to influence how family reunification is experienced across the EU.
The study brings together national contributions from 24 EMN Member and Observer Countries, including the Slovak Republic, mapping current legislation, practical challenges and recent developments in family reunification.
The full study is available in the Publications section on the EMN website.